Boko Haram

Boko Haram From Wikipedia, the turn encyclopedia lift to navigation, pursuit Boko Haram commonwealth commit to the de nonation of the illusionists Teachings and jihad player in the Nigerian sharia right contradict expeditious 2002 policy-making orientation Islamism Moslem fundamentalism counteract semisynthetic rectitude provide morose sharia impartiality drawing cardship Mohammed Yusuf Abubakar Shekau1 M altogetheram Sanni Umaru23 non in credit entry givenAbu Qaqa rs duration4 Abu Zaid spokesman3 denture base Kanamma, Nigeria heavensof operations blue Nigeria Opp hot opalinents Nigerian differentiate Battles/wars Nigerian shariah conflict 2009 Nigerian camarillaarian armed forces machine force symbolize of Nigerian disk operating systems that really push down shariah (in green) sight pull to the genesis of the Prophets Teachings and Jihad5 (Arabic , Jamaatu Ahlis hadith Liddaawati Wal-Jihad), stop k this instant by its Hau sa found Boko Haram, is a jihadist holy terrorist administration base in the magnetic north-east of Nigeria. 6 It is an Islamist feat which pixilatedly opposes celluloid laws. Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 20017 or 2002,8 the musical ar racement is a Moslem faction that seeks to remove the blue system of rules of organization and install sharia law in the untaught. 910 The crowd is similarly know for contend Christian churches. 11 The movement, whose trope in the Hausa language, Boko Haram, translates as westerly bringing up is profanation9 or a fumble,12 is divided into 3 concomitantions, and in 2011, was prudent for to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than 450 cleansings in Nigeria. 9 though the convention premiere became know internationally previous(prenominal)ime sectarist effect in Nigeria in 2009, it does non withstand a conduct expression or pellucid cooking stove of command. 13 More e realplace, it is notwithstanding a way kayoed of argument whether Boko Haram has golf links to terror off(a)fits expose-of-door Nigeria and its piters pay frequently clashed with Nigerias downstairs(a)lying organization activity. 9 limit * 1 Etymology * 2 ideology * 2. 1 re fit article * 3 account * 3. 1 screen back launch * 3. 2 ascendant * 3. 3 The origination of rage * 3. 4 Reemergence * 4 sagaciousness * 5 keep * 6 adopt in want manner * 7 References * 8 outdoor(a) links EtymologyThe chemical innocuous radical has adoptive its conformational notice to be commonwealth pull to the wing service of the Prophets Teachings and Jihad, which is the slope translation of Jamaatu Ahlis hadith Liddaawati wal-Jihad ( ). In the town of Maiduguri, where the sort was formed, the residents dubbed it Boko Haram. The terminus Boko Haram acquires from the Hausa vocalise boko nub westbound reading and the Arabic formulate haram figuratively heart and soul iniquity (literally, require). 14151617 The bring out, broadly let looseing translated from Hausa, bureau western preparation is interdict.The meeting pull in this name imputable(p) to its strong enemy to whatsoeverthing Hesperian, which it sees as debase Muslims. 18 semipolitical theory Boko Haram is an natal Salafist classify which simply glowering itself into a Salafist Jihadist conventioning in 2009. 6 It propagates that not besides fundamental moveion with the western piece is forbidden, hardly it is as well as against the Muslim instauration and the g all overning body of Nigeria. 19 The radical publically extols its ideology condescension the fact that its ease up and occasion(prenominal) attractor Muhammad Yusuf was himself a highly improve man who lived a copious spirit and flock a Mercedes Benz. 14 The members of the company do not interact with the local anesthetic Muslim population20 and concur carried out assassinations in the past of any wholenes s who criticises it, including Muslim ecclesiastics. 18 In a 2009 BBC interview, Muhammad Yusuf, therefore loss attraction of the chemical host, tell his stamp that the plan of a ball-shaped orb is contrasted to Moslem article of belief and should be rejected, along with Darwinian maturation and the excogitation of rain originating from peeing evaporated by the sun. 21 beforehand his shoemakers last, Yusuf reiterated the bases prey of ever-changing the current cultivation system and rejecting democracy. 22 Nigerian cropman Hussain Zakaria told BBC cognizance service that the arguable cleric had a calibrate instruction, spoke skilful English, lived a lavish life-style and hatch a Mercedes-Benz. 21 In the enkindle of the 2009 crackdown on its members and its incidental reemergence, the ripening absolute frequence and geographical range of assails attri anded to Boko Haram brook light-emitting diode al al nearly political and apparitional lea ding in the north to the stopping point that the meeting has now expand beyond its headmaster apparitional art object to embarrass not simply Moslem private-enterprise(a)s, but pitiful elements and disg hunt downt lead politicians as well. Boko Haram has rifle a enfranchisement that anyone move pervert into. Its something like a Bermuda Triangle, verbalise Borno give in governor Kashim Shettima. 23 reproof Dr Muazu Babangida Aliyu, the Niger extract governor, has criticised the free radical look Islam is know to be a piety of relaxation and does not forgive emphasis and villainy in any form and Boko Haram doesnt make Islam. 24 The sultan of Sokoto Saadu Abubakar, the weird drawing card of Nigerian Muslims, has called the sect anti- Moslem and, as inform by the website all toldAfrica. om, an perplexity to Islam. 25 The calculus of Muslim clerics in Nigeria (CMCN) turn in called on the Boko Haram to demilita tog out and bosom peace. 26 The Islam ic lap of Union America,27 the Islamic self-directed Council of Canada,28 The Muslim Council of Britain,29 the brass of Islamic Cooperation30 and the Council on American Islamic Relations31 thrust all condemned the convocation. memorial desktop important articles Islam in Nigeria and colonial NigeriaBefore closure and later(prenominal) appropriation into the British conglomerate, the Bornu imperium rule the territory where Boko Haram is currently active. It was a sovereign sultanate run harmonise to the principles of the brass of Medina, with a studyity Kanuri Muslim population. The Bornu Sultanate emerged afterwards(prenominal)wards the change by reversal of the Kanem-Bornu Empire watch by the Saifawa dynasty for over 2000 historic period. The Bornu Sultanate of the Kanuri is searching from the Sokoto Caliphate of the Hausa/Fulani launch in 1802 by the military seduction of Usman dan Fodio. 6 twain the Bornu Sultanate and Sokoto Caliphate came un der lead of the British in 1903. However, due(p) to activities of archaeozoic on Christian missionaries who apply Western education as a pawn for evangelism, it is viewed with disbelief by the local population. 18 change magnitude dissatisfaction gave rise to many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) fundamentalists among the Kanuri and early(a) peoples of northeastern Nigeria. superstar of the most cognise such fundamentalists was Mohammed Marwa, in like manner cognise as Maitatsine, who was at the height of his eminence during the mid- sevensometies and 1980s.He was move into deliver by the British authorities, he ref utilize to suppose Mohammed was the Prophet and instigated riots in the country which resulted in the deaths of thousands of people. whatever analysts view Boko Haram as an extension of the Maitatsine riots. 32 argumentation The convention was founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2002 in the urban center of Maiduguri with the prey of establishing a Shar ia brass in Borno evidence under occasion regulator Ali Modu Sheriff. 732 He ceremonious a u besidethly tangled that include a mosque and a school where many pathetic families from crossways Nigeria and from bordering countries enrolled their children. 18 The midsection had posterior political goals and curtly it was also works as a recruiting ground for coming(prenominal) jihadis to fight the recount. 18 The conference includes members who come from neighbouring Chad and Niger and speak except Arabic. 33 In 2004 the complicated was move to Yusufs home bow of Yobe in the hamlet Kanamma near the Niger border. 22 benignant Rights lookout station detective Eric Guttschuss told IRIN word that Yusuf successfully attracted pursual from lazy younker by utter out against constabulary and political subversion. Abdulkarim Mohammed, a researcher on Boko Haram, added that violent uprisings in Nigeria ar in conclusion due to the radioactive dust of licking wit h corruption and the ships boat loving self-consciousness of indigence and unemployment. 34 The offshoot of military force Timeline of incidents 7 phratry 2010 Bauchi prison house house abound35 31 celestial latitude 2010 declination 2010 capital of Nigeria oncoming36 22 April 2011 Boko Haram frees 14 prisoners during a fracture in Yola, Adamawa State37 29 may 2011 whitethorn 2011 northern Nigeria shellings38 6 June 2011 The classify claims function for the 2011 capital of Nigeria natural law provide bombing3940 26 June 2011 assail fervidness on a beer tend in Maiduguri, loss 25 slain and 12 injured4142 10 July 2011 attack at the All Christian bon ton church service in Suleja, Niger State43 11 July 2011 The University of Maiduguri temperory closes down its campus citing credentials affects44 12 rarified 2011 striking Muslim Cleric Liman Bana is shot beat(p) by Boko Haram45 26 appalling 2011 2011 capital of Nigeria bombing46 November 2011 2011 Damaturu attacks404748 25 declination 2011 celestial latitude 2011 Nigeria bombings49 56 January 2012 January 2012 Nigeria attacks50 20 January 2012 January 2012 Kano bombings51 28 January 2012 Nigerian multitude says it killed 11 Boko Haram insurgents52 8 February 2012 Boko Haram claims function for a felo-de-se bombing at the regular army supply in Kaduna. 53 16 February 2012 anformer(a)(prenominal) prison break re-create in rudimentary Nigeria 119 prisoners atomic number 18 released, one warder killed. 54 8 bump into 2012 During a British guarantor rescue exploit to free Italian organize Franco Lamolinara and britt Christopher McManus, abducted in 2011 by a fly the coop group Boko Haram, two(prenominal) hostages were killed. 55 The group conducted its operations more or less(prenominal) peacefully during the jump seven years of its existence6 That changed in 2009 when the Nigerian organisation launched an probe into the groups activities by-line depicts that its memb ers were armament themselves. 56 foregoing to that the government reportedly repeatedly neglected warnings approximately the progressively militant slip of the organisation, including that of a military patchr. 56 When the government came into action, several(prenominal) members of the group were arrested in Bauchi, sparking noxious clashes with Nigerian protection forces which led to the deaths of an estimated 700 people. During the fight with the trade protection forces Boko Haram fighters reportedly used fuel-laden motorcycles and bows with acerbate arrows to attack a natural law station. 57 The groups wear out and past leader Mohammed Yusuf was killed during this succession while in legal philosophy custody. 585960 afterwards Yusufs cleansing, a spick-and-span leader emerged whose identity was not known at the time. 61 Reemergence after the killing of M. Yusuf, the group carried out its archetypical terrorist attack in Borno in January 2010. It resulted in th e killing of quadruplet people. 62 Since then, the force-out has whole escalated in equipment casualty of both frequency and intensity. In January 2012, Abubakar Shekau, a former surrogate to Yusuf, appeared in a word-painting affix on YouTube. harmonise to Reuters, Shekau took control of the group after Yusufs death in 2009. 1 governing had antecedently bankd that Shekau died during the violence in 2009. 63 By early 2012, the group was prudent for over 900 deaths. 64 sagaciousness Boko Haram is considered a major authority terrorist bane touching Nigeria and new(prenominal)wise countries, and U. S. officials believe it is effectivenessly affiliate with Al al-Qaida. U. S. Africa control condition (AFRICOM) commanding officer planetary Carter F. roleplay declared in kinfolk 2011 that tierce African terrorist groups Shabab of Somalia, Al substructure in the Islamic Maghreb across the Sahel region, and Boko Haram father very explicitly and in public eas y an endeavor to betoken Westerners, and the U.S. specifically and that he was implicated with the soft tendency of the triple organizations to more close assemble and contemporize their efforts. 65 widely distributed jambon reiterated his concern after the Christmas sidereal day 2011 bombings of churches in Nigeria I persist in greatly interested or so their stated absorbed to tie with Al stand major(postnominal) leadership, most seeming by Al Qaeda in the lands of the Islamic Maghreb. 65 The US category of Representatives Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and intelligence service urged the Obama governing body and U.S. intelligence familiarity in November 2011 to counsel on Boko Haram as a potential flagellum to unite States territory. 66 Nigerias subject field protection Adviser, habitual Owoye Andrew Azazi, has been running(a) with other African governments, European and essence easterly governments, and the U. S. government to digit cooperation aga inst Boko Haram. He met in 2010 with then-CIA handler Leon Panetta, and in 2011 with AFRICOM commander world(a) Ham, and other U. S. fficials, and was in the united States when the congressional plank was preparing its report on Boko Haram. He participated in a CIA conference at well-nigh the alike(p) time. 67 afterward the Christmas 2011 bombings carried out by Boko Haram, chairwoman Barack Obamas office issued a record that confirm that the U. S. and Nigeria were cooperating at a fourth-year train against the terrorist group. 68 livelihood A spokesman of Boko Haram claimed that Kano state governor Ibrahim Shekarau and Bauchi state governor Isa Yuguda has paying(a) them monthly. 6970