Sports and Gender Essay - 1653 Words

Sports become stereotyped as gender-neutral, feminine, or masculine based on conceptions regarding gender, gender differences, and beliefs about the appropriateness of participation due to gender (Colley et al., 1987; Csizma, Wittig, Schurr, 1988; Koivula, 1995; Matteo, 1986). Sports labeled as feminine seem to be those that allow women participants to act in accordance with the stereotyped expectations of femininity (such as being graceful and nonagressive) and that provide for beauty and aesthetic pleasure (based on largely male standards). A sport is labeled as masculine if it involves the following: 1) attempts to physically overpower the opponent(s) by bodily contact; 2) a direct use of bodily force to a heavy object; 3) a†¦show more content†¦Principal component analysis performed on the second questionnaire resulted in twelve factor-based scales: 1) Aesthetics and Femininity; 2) Danger/Risk and Violence; 3) Team Spirit; 4) Fair Play and Morals; 5) Speed; 6) Advanced Skills and Precision; 7) Commercialism; 8) Strength and Endurance; 9) Equipment; 10) Masculinity; 11) Excitement and Challenge; and 12) Cognitive Efficiency. All sports labeled as feminine scored high on scale one, Aesthetics and Femininity. Attributes such as â€Å"aesthetical†, â€Å"beauty†, â€Å"graceful†, and â€Å"sexy† loaded on the same factor as â€Å"feminine† and â€Å"womanly†. In contrast, the sports labeled as masculine scored high in Danger/Risk and Violence, Team Spirit, Speed, Strength and Endurance, and Masculinity (Koivula, 2001). This study reveals much about the attitudes that persist in society today regarding sport and gender. Early on, sport was created to serve men, evolving as a celebration of maleness, valuing strength, power, and competition. It idealized, promoted, and rewarded successful, elite athletes, established â€Å"the dream† as a professional career in sports, and viewed mass participation in sport as a tool to weed out the weak (Hill, 1993). In contrast, women’s sports originated to â€Å"address the expressed need for healthful exercise† (Huckaby, 1994). Unlike the competitive warrior modeShow MoreRelatedGender in Sports986 Words   |  4 PagesGender Differences in Sports For plenty of years the women nature has been looked upon as homemakers, hairdressers, wives and mothers. As women step out into the world to pursue dreams, careers, and aspirations, many have come across the issues of playing on male teams. With the decline of women sports in high school, college and the Olympics, women are starting to train their self to play with the men causing this case to become more and more popular. Many women are finding spots on teams thatRead MoreGender Inequality : Sports And Sports1930 Words   |  8 PagesHumberto Lamas 6/10/16 Professor Callaci Eng 1A Gender Inequality in Sports It is now 2016 and sports play an enormous part in the U.S. culture. According to Youth Sports Statistics 36,000,000 kids aged 5-18 take play organized sports each year. Sports will continue to grow especially because of today’s advancements in technology. From the first Olympic games to 2016 a whole lot has changed in the world of sports. Not only has sports vastly changed but so have social norms around the United StatesRead More The Gender of Sports Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pages The Gender of Sports What are the social and cultural costs and benefits of an individual (male or female) entering a non-traditional sport for their gender/sex (e.g. women enter body building, power lifting, boxing; men enter synchronized swimming or field hockey)? In todays society, particularly in the United States, an individual entering a non-traditional sport for his/her gender takes on many tasks besides playing the sport, the individual also takes on the criticism (good or bad)Read MoreGender Inequality Within Sports And Sports1197 Words   |  5 PagesAll women athletes worked extremely hard to get where they are now, but with gender inequality in sports their hard work will go to waste. Gender inequality is unlawful because of Title IX, a law that was passed in 1972, that banned gender discrimination in sports (Buzuvis and Newhall). Even though it is against the law, many colleges and sports associations still give unfair benefits to men’s sports, such as more opportunities, better fields, higher salaries, etc, and are not getting punished forRead MoreGender Barriers in Sports1230 Words   |  5 Pagesback in the day there’s always been that big barrier blockading females and males when trying to engage in a sport that is not â€Å"appropriate† for their gender. It had always been that some sports are aimed towards the male gender and others towards the females. When a man or women joins a sport that is not originally for their gender, it is not something that many people want to accept. Gender is defined as an ongoing cultural process that socially constructs differences between men and women. ThisRead More Gender In Sports Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pages Gender in Sports In high schools and junior high schools across the country the importance of interscholastic sports competitions is strongly demonstrated to the students. They see the rewards and accolades given to the accomplished athletes, not only at these levels, but at the collegiate and professional levels as well. While most of these teams are formed and exist for both men and women, it is interesting how different each team tends to be treated. At High school football gamesRead MoreGender Inequalities Of Sports And Gender Inequality1468 Words   |  6 PagesGender Inequalities in Sport Men throughout history have been the dominant gender, from the times of hunting with stone weapons to the modern day metal and automated machines. Many negative connotations are thought of when comparing women to men like strength, but less so when comparing men to women. Is it the society’s view that women are weaker than men or is it a natural fact brought to light? In sports women experience many prejudices, but even so some sports are equal or even female dominantRead MoreGender Equality Through Sports And Gender968 Words   |  4 Pagesthe central components of discrimination in the world. One area that has shown great improvements over time is gender equality. Throughout world history, women have been viewed as inferior species to men. In the United States, women were not allowed to do certain things like join the military or vote. The United States has made great strides in providing equal opportunity to all genders. In spite of the many laws and acts congress has pass ed, women are still viewed as lesser subjects. Judith LorberRead MoreGender And Gender : A Man s Sport871 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween. For a man, play a man’s sport like football or basketball. Then for the ladies, most people would prefer that they don’t play those sports, but what can be expected when they grew up with all males? In the collaborative book Gender Failure by Ivan Cayote and Rae Spoon, who have lived as woman but feel as if they are meant to be males, they talk about how they failed their roles as both females and males. In the course of history people have failed the gender binary, failed to see how transgenderRead MoreGender Equality in Sports2131 Words   |  9 Pagesin many professional sports. After more than 25 years since the beginning of Title IX, there still is no gender equality among men and women in high school, college, and professional sports. br brPassed in 1972 by United States President Richard Nixon, Title IX was supposed to give w omen equality in sports, yet in the year 2001 there is still little difference in the way women are treated in sports. No legislative act has had a more powerful impact on the world of sports other than Title IX.

Corporate Culture Into Talent Management - 1656 Words

GE and Berkshire Hathaway When it comes to articulating one company that has been excellent in aligning human capital with strategy is GE. T-Mobile can find an excellent example of GE’s six principles identified as the key to their success. These include: Aligning recruiting efforts with strategy; making sure the company’s talent management practices fit with each other; making deliberate effort to embed corporate culture into talent management processes such as hiring methods and leadership development; getting involvement by managers at all levels, including the CEO; Figuring out the best balance of the company’s global and local needs; and Finding ways to differentiate the company from its competitors (Brokaw, 2012). According to CEO Jeffrey Immelt, the company’s talent management system is its most powerful implementation too. Berkshire Hathaway is another organization noted for having an excellent talent management plan. Socialization is what Noe (2013) describes as the process of helping new hires adjust to social and performance aspects of their new jobs. As we have previously discussed, having an exceptional talent management strategy which is inclusive of socialization can allow a company competitive advantage in the market place. Warren Buffet’s, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway investments seem to always outperform the market. There are three key things he focuses on in his talent management strategy. Communicating pride in confidence in his people, modeling civilityShow MoreRelated1. Abstract . We Have Little Knowledge About The Report,1693 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussing about the global talent management (GTM) and the role of the corporate human resource function in multinational corporations. International mobility its new forms, increased global talents hunting are the two perspectives of GTM. GTM discusses and considered primarily about the mechanisms and following the willingness to enter the emerging markets using organisational ability to maintain or managing the talents. These issues addressed or shows when once the new corporate roles have identifiedRead MoreCorporate Leadership : The Bank Of America Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica Talent management is a common term in corporate leadership which refers to a process that covers a key aspect of an employee’s life cycle. The cycle consists of a selection of development, succession and performance management for the purpose of ensuring that an organization has sufficient number of employees in terms of quantity and quality. This critical process ensures that an organization has enough people in place to meet their current and future business priorities. Talent management reflectsRead MoreTalent Management Issues Facing International Organizations1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe variety of talent management issues facing international organizations nowadays is enormously broad. One of the main tasks facing companies all over the world is constructing and supporting a solid talent pipeline. Not only do companies need to regulate to shifting demographics and work force preferences, but they also need to build new abilities and invigorate their organizations †” all while struggling with new competitors, investing in new technologies and globalizing their actions. What doRead MoreQuestions And Questions On Employee Benefits884 Words   |  4 Pagespositions in organizations and making sure there is top talent in them. Chapter four explains Human Resource (HR) professionals and line managers are responsible for developing talent throughout an organization. Thus, line managers and HR professionals should be held accountable for the development of a successful workforce. In order to be successful, these leaders must have talent inventories and action plans helping them put strategic talent into strategic positions (Becker and Huselid 2009). TheRead MoreGe’s Talent Machine: the Making of a Ceo1458 Words   |  6 PagesGE’s Talent Machine: The Making of a CEO General Electric (GE) is a true global company with attendance in more than 100 countries. Clearly, with a workforce of more than 320’000 employees, GE also has to have proper human resources processes established. Its energetic Business Operation Model and sophisticated and evolved human resources strategy are results of the steady growth over more than 130 years of corporate history. Since its incorporation in 1878, many CEOs have shaped the company’s productsRead MoreExpanding to China Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pages(2) recruit local talent to staff the business units; (3) develop those employed in the expansion project; and (4) identify and address cross-culture issues that will inevitably emerge and determine the most efficient and effective strategies for addressing the deployment of expatriates and local talent. In attempting to respond to these challenges substantial research was done, providing guidance, which can be considered in the expansion efforts. Expats versus Hiring Local Talent In pursuing expansionRead MoreCase Analysis : Arizona Pacific University 1293 Words   |  6 Pages   All employees are invited to join the weekly event. Bill Carter, Quantum’s corporate attorney experienced one of the weekly beer busts and immediately raised concerns to Stan and Erin. Bill reached out due to alcohol at the beer event opening a gap to overall liability issues for the company. Stan and Erin did not agree with Bill and kept their stance on continuing the event as it defines Quantum’s family feel culture. To analyze this case, it will be split up into six subjects, Macro, Micro, CausesRead MoreMcdonalds 20121006 Words   |  5 PagesMcDonalds today has over 30,000 restaurants in over 100 countries in the world. McDonald’s fight’s to protect is reputation and trade mark. Although good corporate-level strategy is important it is not the most critical for day-to-day human resource activity. The most important strategy for human resource is business-level strategy and related corporate diversification strategy. Its concerns how the organization will compete with the other companies that provide similar goods and services. McDonalds isRead MoreThe Role Of Principles Of Global Talent Management On Global Competitiveness Of Financial Institutions942 Words   |  4 PagesRole of principles of global talent management on global competitiveness of financial institutions in Kenya . ROMANO OKWI ELINGIT DCB/10228/15 ABSTRACT World wide economic environment is dynamic and more often affected with inflation that needs counteractive strategies to survive. Principles of global talent management can come handy in choosing the right talent at the right time to ensure that institutions especially financial institution can sustain local and international economies . KEY WORDSRead MoreDiversity Management and Cultural Intelligence1260 Words   |  6 PagesCARROLL 1 Shavasia K. Carroll Current Issues in OB Final Diversity Management and Cultural Intelligence Diversity Management and cultural intelligence is the crucial keys in today’s workforce to successfully compete in a global marketplace. Corporations can no longer use lack of cultural intelligence as an excuse. Organizations pursuing global success must embrace diversity in their thoughts, actions, and innovations. Diversity doesn’t just focus on making the numbers, but how the organization’s

Nuclear Weapons And The World War II - 1145 Words

Nuclear weapons were a crucial aspect throughout the history of the Cold War. Scientific and military development in the early 20th Century had demonstrated the potential of atoms and other properties to create large-scale nuclear weapons. The developments of the arms race within the context of World War I and World War II further led to the emergence of nuclear weapons for combat. Countries such as the United States, USSR, and Britain also sought to create effective nuclear weapons. Subsequently, the major application of nuclear weapons emerged when the US dropped two atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Whereas President Truman mainly sought to protect Americans from further deaths by launching atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the USSR posed a different question. Did Truman consciously drop the bombs to intimidate the USSR? Therefore, the Soviet Union interpreted the use of these nuclear weapons as an anti-Soviet move. This further set the basis of the Cold War a nd the nuclear arms race between the two countries. In this case, the United States use of nuclear weapons in the Second World War was crucial to intimidate the USSR and its emerging global dominance to set the foundation for the emergence of the Cold War. The rapid surrender and destruction of Japan was a clear indication that the US had managed to become a global leader in weapons development. However, there was also more reason to suspect the real reasons for the use of nuclear weapons inShow MoreRelatedNuclear Weapons During World War II1622 Words   |  7 PagesToday, it is known everywhere that if a nuclear war is waged, it could mean the destruction of our world as we know it. Nuclear weapons were used to end World War II, and they could very well be used if WWIII occurred, it may end also using nuclear weapons, which could destroy us. Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"I know not what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones† (â€Å"I know not†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Einstein, Albert). Einstein was implying that WWIII would set humanityRead MoreThe Creation of Nuclear Weapons Changed the World Forever654 Words   |  3 Pagesend of World War I and the beginning of World War II sc ientist started to develop new ways to to react to wars.Scientist like Julius Robert Oppenheimer with the help of Albert Einstein created the first atomic bomb called the â€Å"Little Boy† and the â€Å"FatMan†. Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico. He was incharge of gather the best minds to develop weapons of mass destruction. Oppenheimer along with 200 other physics developed weapons that would change the world foreverRead More Nuclear Power: Is it necessary? Essay993 Words   |  4 Pages Nuclear Power: Is it Necessary? 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Secondly, due to the fact that the nuclear weapon was created during World War II, people lived in constant fear that a bomb would be releasedRead MoreThe Manhattan Project Essay example1381 Words   |  6 PagesDuring World War II, the Americans fought a two-front war, with pressure from both Japan and Germany. The United States, aware that Germany was threatening to build an atomic weapon, created a secret project to develop the technology first. Under the codename, the Manhattan Project, leading scientists carried out top secret research on fission and the technology needed to create the first atomic bomb. The immediate impact of the Manhattan Project was the dropping of two atomic bombs on Japan, endingRead MoreThe Nuclear Of The Korean War1147 Words   |  5 Pages World War II ended suddenly as America destroyed two Japanese cities not with traditional strategic bombing, yet with the extremely powerful atomic bombs. As a result of dropping the atomic bombs, the world was thrust into the nuclear age. Just a few short years after World War II, the Korean War started. The Korean War challenged many assumptions held about war within a nuclear era. Three of the assumptions challenged were that nuclear weapons would deter war, that war would not be limitedRead MoreWar: Nuclear Power1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War was a time of great tension all over the world. From 1945 to 1989, the United States was the leader and nuclear power and was competing with the Soviet Union to create huge stockpiles of nuclear weapons. However, even though the Cold War ended, nuclear weapons are still a threat. Countries around the world strive to create nuclear power, and they do not promise to use it for peaceful purposes. Some examples of the struggles caused by nuclear weapons include the bombings of HiroshimaRead MoreNuclear Weapons And Its Effect On The World947 Words   |  4 PagesMany world leaders claim that nuclear weapons are vital to maintain a healthy balance of power. They guarantee that nuclear weapons are hindrances that keep the world from aggregating war. Analysts are supporting this contention by pronouncing how nuclear weapons have been keeping peace. In any case, different specialists and researchers prevent the viability from claiming nuclear weapons as hindrances and announce that nuclear weapons will prompt more confusion. The issue is that amidst a world, asRead MoreThe World s First Nuclear Weapon1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe creation of the nuclear weapons has caused major concern towards national security worldwide since the 1940’s when the US sets up the Manhattan Project to develop the first nuclear weapon. After the weapons were cre ated we find that more then five nations and counting have been developing their own weapons besides our very own USA. These other nations include but not limited to Russia, United Kingdom, France, India, China, North Korea, Pakistan and Israel. Throughout this paper we are goingRead MoreWar Has No Limits Of War1724 Words   |  7 Pageswas a cussing out. Another Marine ran up, put a bullet in the enemy soldier s brain, and ended his agony. The scavenger grumbled and continued extracting his prizes undisturbed. PBS War has no limits. War is fought with no mercy for the other side. Hundreds of thousands of lives have been lost to the cruelty of war. Thousands of loved-ones are sent overseas and to the front line only to die and never return home. Children lose their fathers and mothers, spouses lose the love of their lives, and

Contribution Of Oil In Economic Growth Of Saudi Arabia

Question: Describe about the Contribution Of Oil In Economic Growth Of Saudi Arabia? Answer: Introduction: In between the year 2002 and 2008, there are a rapid changes observed in the prices of the petroleum in market. The main areas of the oil industry in the market of the world are a unpredicted modification in association and political scrutiny. The quick changes in the price of crude oil in market also affect the financial inclination of the country in producing oil and selling it in the market of the world. The lack of resources causes the manufacturing company of oil has failed to meet the necessity of the petroleum in global market (Alkhathlan, 2013). The shareholders of the oil manufacturing company were in the panic to invest their monetary value of the oil manufacturing company present in the market of the world. The Government Saudi Arabia has also facing the same problem regarding the manufacturing of oil. One of the main reason of declining the price of the oil is the steps taken by the United States of Government The shareholders have started to invest more monetary value of the Shale gas manufacturing company. As the supply of Petroleum is much higher as compared to the demand for the Crude oil in the market of the world. Background of the Country Saudi Arabia: The country is known as one of the leading Petroleum producers and exporting countries in the world. The country is also known as the oil reservoir, and it has been analyzed which the nation has around 3.5 billion barrels of Petroleum are reserved in their country. It has been found that Saudi Arabia produces around 0.8 billion barrel of Petroleum per day (Alshahrani and Gurrib, 2013). Now the nations Government have decided to increase their production rate of petroleum to 1.2 billion barrels per day. Saudi Arabia plays an important role in OPEC for being leading Petroleum producer and exporting country in the world. The country is one of the important and oldest member of OPEC for being the leading Petroleum producer and exporting country in the world. The relationship between oil prices and the macro economy of Saudi Arabia: The country is known as the world's leading exporting oil producing company in the world. The oil manufacturing companies in the country produces the huge amount of crude oil in country and exports it in all over the world in the market of the world (Brown and Obaid, 2000). By selling the crude oil in overseas country global market, the nations Government earns huge amount of country revenues that helps the nations Government to increase their The financial increment in the nation. In between the year 2002 and 2008, the oil production in Saudi Arabia has fallen due to lack of natural resources in the country that affects The growth of financial situation of the country (Bybee, 2010). But in the second half of the year 2008, the oil production has started to increase in the country. From the first half of the year 2009, Saudi Arabia has started to export petroleum in all over the world in the market of the world. During the year 2009, Saudi Arabia has achieved a new phase by exporting crude oil in the market of the world. This is because, from the year 2009, the demand for the petroleum in global market has increased (Cashin, 2012). The demand for petroleum was high as compared with the supply of crude oil in the market of the world. The stock price of the petroleum manufacturing company has increased in the global stock market. Trends in Oil Prices: For the last four years to the middle of the 2014 year, the price of Petrol has increased rapidly in the market of the world. The petroleum barrel has been traded at a price of US $ 100 / barrel in the market of the world (DibooÂÅ ¸lu and Aleisa, 2004). But in the year 2015, the price of the petrol has fallen dramatically. This fall in the price of petrol in the market of the world has become one of the largest falls in the price of petrol in the history. This fall in the price of the crude oil in the market of the world has a bas aspects on the economic conditions of Saudi Arabia. One of the main reason of declining the price of the oil is the steps taken by the United States of Government Apart from this, the other main factors of vigorous price movement of crude oil in the World are the Non-OPEC countries have the manufacturing level has been increased Petroleum (Hertog, 2008). This is because the supply of Petroleum has become high as compared with the necessity of crude oil in the market of the world. The Government of USA has started manufacturing Shale Gas in their country and export shale gas in the market of the world at a very cheap rate. All this aspects have influences bas aspects on the OPEC countries like Saudi Arabia. The shareholders have started to invest more monetary value of the petroleum manufacturing company. This helps the petroleum manufacturing company to have more funds generated from the shareholders of the company that helps the company to invest more in the new projects of extracting petroleum (Mansell, 2012). Apart from this, the c ompany can extract more crude oil in the country and helps the nations Government to increase their GDP rate in the country. Impact on economic Conditions of Saudi Arabia: From the given figure, it has been observed that the price of the petroleum remains low in the market of the world. The OPEC organization have analyzed that the price of the Petroleum will be declined in between the year 2015 to 2020. The price of the petroleum will be declined to the US $ 50 per barrel. This will bring a bas aspects on the economic conditions of the country. It has been analyzed by the nations Government that the financial inclination of the country has increased by around 3.5 % from the year 2009 (Nakov and Nuo, 2013). As the price of the petroleum was high in the market of the world. This is why The growth of financial situation of the country was at its peak point. The growth of financial situation of the country will be stable till the mid of the year 2016. But according to OPEC organization and the nations Government, the price of the Petroleum will be declined from the year 2015 and the price will be declined to The US $ 50 per barrel. But after the year 2016, the fall in the price of the Petroleum will bring a bas aspects on the economic conditions of Saudi Arabia. From the beginning of the year 2017, the GDP of Saudi Arabia will decline by 1.4% of their normal GDP rate of the country. This will hamper the economic conditions of Saudi Arabia, and it will last till the end of the year 2020 (Ross, 2012). Figure 1: Growth in crude oil in the nation The nations Government has analyzed that the price of the Petroleum will start recovering from the year 2020. In the year 2020, the price of the Crude oil will be US $ 73, and the country will export the Crude oil in the market of the world (Yates, 2012). The nations Government has estimated that in the year 2021, the country will recover the GDP rate and will be increased by around 0.5 %. Figure 2: Traded cost of crude oil In the year 2025, the price of the Crude oil will be high in the market of the world. In that period, the price of the Crude oil will be of its peak value. According to OPEC organization, the price of the Crude oil will be around US $ 150 per barrel. This will give a positive impact on the financial situation of the nation. The rate of financial situation will be much higher than the baseline of the GDP rate of Saudi Arabia. Figure 3: Financial rate impact in the nation. Conclusion: The economic conditions of Saudi Arabia have fallen vigorously as the price of the petroleum has fallen in the market of the world. For the last four years to the middle of the 2014 year, the price of Petrol has increased rapidly in the market of the world. The petroleum barrel has been traded at a price of US $ 100 / barrel in the market of the world. But in the year 2015, the price of the petrol has fallen dramatically. This fall in the price of petrol in the market of the world has become one of the largest falls in the price of petrol in the history (YeÃÅ' pez-Garcia and Dana, 2012). This fall in the price of the crude oil in the market of the world has a bas aspects on the economic conditions of Saudi Arabia. It has been found that in the year 2025, the price of the Crude oil will be high in the market of the world. In that period, the demand for the Crude oil will be high and it will in its peak value. The price of the Crude oil will be increased by around US $ 150 per barr el. This will give a positive impact on the economic conditions of the country. The GDP growth will be much higher than the baseline of the GDP rate of Saudi Arabia. Reference List: Alkhathlan, K. (2013). Contribution Of Oil In Economic Growth Of Saudi Arabia. Applied Economics Letters, 20(4), pp.343-348. Alshahrani, S. and Gurrib, I. (2013). Pricing and Volatility Relationships for the Largest Oil Producer: Saudi Arabia. JOEBM, pp.57-61. Brown, L. and Obaid, N. (2000). The Oil Kingdom at 100: Petroleum Policymaking in Saudi Arabia. Foreign Affairs, 79(4), p.161. Bybee, K. (2010). Reservoir-Management Practices in the Offshore Oil Fields of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 62(01), pp.49-51. Cashin, P. (2012). The differential effects of oil demand and supply shocks on the global economy. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund. Diboolu, S. and Aleisa, E. (2004). Oil Prices, Terms of Trade Shocks, and Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Saudi Arabia. Contemporary Economic Policy, 22(1), pp.50-62. Hertog, S. (2008). Petromin: The slow death of statist oil development in Saudi Arabia. Business History, 50(5), pp.645-667. Mansell, R. (2012). Size, role and performance in the oil and gas sector. Calgary, Alta.: School of Public Policy, University of Calgary. Nakov, A. and Nuo, G. (2013). Saudi Arabia and the Oil Market. Econ J, 123(573), pp.1333-1362. Ross, M. (2012). The oil curse. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Yates, D. (2012). The scramble for African oil. London: Pluto Press. Ye pez-Garcia, R. and Dana, J. (2012). Mitigating vulnerability to high and volatile oil prices. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.